ROMAN.Gallienus AD 253-268  BI Double-Denarius / Rev. JUPITER NGC (039)
SKU: 30627069495

ROMAN.Gallienus AD 253-268 BI Double-Denarius / Rev. JUPITER NGC (039)

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ROMAN.Gallienus AD 253-268 BI Double-Denarius / Rev. JUPITER NGC (039)ROMAN EMPIRE GALLIENUS 253 268 AD BI DOUBLE DENARIUS Roman Age of Chaos CERTIFIED BY NGC Obverse: Gallienus facing right, wearing a military style drape and a radiate crown, framed by the inscription "GALLIENVS AVG," which simply means "Emperor Gallienus." Reverse : Jupiter, standing left, head right, nude except cloak flying behind, brandishing thunderbolt in right hand. Officina mark in left field. Lettering: IOVI PROPVGNAT XI In Roman mythology,


ROMAN EMPIRE

GALLIENUS 253-268 AD

BI DOUBLE DENARIUS

Roman Age of Chaos 

CERTIFIED BY NGC

Obverse: 
Gallienus  facing right, wearing a military style drape and a radiate
crown, framed by the inscription "GALLIENVS AVG," which simply means "Emperor
Gallienus."

Reverse : Jupiter, standing left, head right, nude
except cloak flying behind, brandishing thunderbolt in right hand.

Officina mark in left field.



Lettering: IOVI PROPVGNAT XI

In Roman mythology, Jupiter or Jove was the
king of the gods, and the god of sky and thunder. He is the equivalent of Zeus
in the Greek pantheon. He was called Iuppiter (or Diespiter) Optimus Maximus
("Father God the Best and Greatest"). As the patron deity of ancient Rome, he
ruled over laws and social order. He was the chief god of the Capitoline Triad,
with sister/wife Juno. Jupiter is also the father of the god Mars with Juno.
Therefore, Jupiter is the grandfather of Romulus and Remus, the legendary
founders of Rome. Jupiter was venerated in ancient Roman religion, and is still
venerated in Roman Neopaganism. He is a son of Saturn, along with brothers
Neptune and Pluto. He is also the brother/husband of Ceres (daughter of Saturn
and mother of Proserpina), brother of Veritas (daughter of Saturn), and father
of Mercury.




Gallienus was Emperor of the Roman Empire
from AD 253-268, sharing the throne with his father Valerian until AD 260, then
as sole ruler until his death in AD 268. Based upon the inscriptions, this
Billon Double-Denarius of Gallienus was struck during his solitary reign, AD
260-268. The Romans typically used doubled letters to indicate plurality.
Coinage of Gallienus minted during his joint reign are inscribed "AVGG" (two
emperors), while later coins bear the inscription "AVG."





Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus ( c. 218
– September 268) was Roman emperor with his father Valerian from 253 to 260 and
alone from 260 to 268. He ruled during the Crisis of the Third Century that
nearly caused the collapse of the empire. He won a number of military victories
against usurpers and Germanic tribes, but was unable to prevent the secession of
important provinces. His 15-year reign was the longest in half a century.



Born into a wealthy and traditional senatorial family, Gallienus was the son of
Valerian and Mariniana. Valerian became Emperor in September 253 and had the
Roman senate elevate Gallienus to the ranks of Caesar and Augustus. Valerian
divided the empire between him and his son, with Valerian ruling the east and
his son the west. Gallienus defeated the usurper Ingenuus in 258 and destroyed
an Alemanni army at Mediolanum in 259.



The defeat and capture of Valerian at Edessa in 260 by the Sasanian Empire threw
the Roman Empire into the chaos of civil war. Control of the whole empire passed
to Gallienus. He defeated the eastern usurpers Macrianus Major and Lucius
Mussius Aemilianus in 261–262 but failed to stop the formation of the breakaway
Gallic Empire under general Postumus. Aureolus, another usurper, proclaimed
himself emperor in Mediolanum in 268 but was defeated outside the city by
Gallienus and besieged inside. While the siege was ongoing, Gallienus was
assassinated, stabbed to death by the officer Cecropius, as part of a
conspiracy.

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Isabelle
Cuba, US
★★★★★ 4
Interesting
Format: Kindle
This was a very captivating book once you got into it thoroughly. But the third person perspective was a bit hard to get used to. But as you got into it and followed the different characters, it was interesting and filled with intrigue, conflict and forbidden love. I can’t wait to read the next one and to complete the series.
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Reviewed in the United States on November 12, 2022
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Jessica
Carnegie, US
★★★★★ 5
LOVED THIS STORY!
Format: Kindle
I never wite reviews, but this book was too good for me to NOT give props and let others readers know it's such a good read. They need to make movies of this one and I can't wait until the next book comes out. The story building was so good and I loved that the main character wasn't a silly useless princess or something. Shes intelligent, strong, and loves her friends. The description of the characters is really good also and its such a good plot. Not your average paranormal romance novel of some princess or the girl working at a diner. LOL! I'm totally team Rykan for her! Fingers crossed for the next book and October 31st can't come soon enough.
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Reviewed in the United States on September 15, 2023
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Amazon Customer
Cuba, US
★★★★★ 4
Imperfect characters
Format: Kindle
4.5 stars ⭐ I don't really understand the harsh criticism in some of these reviews (Goodreads). I rarely write reviews myself, but I think this book deserves it. Look, it absolutely has its issues. I wasn't feeling it in the beginning -- the first few chapters were all tell and no show, literally just telling us all this background in a few paragraphs rather than feeding us bits and pieces at a time. The writing significantly improves after a few chapters, though. And I didn't catch any spelling or grammatical typos often found in new, self published books.  After the rough start, I absolutely flew through the rest of the book and couldn't put it down. Seriously stayed up until 2am with it. So I also don't agree with comments calling it boring. Definitely did not bore me. I thought it ticked all the right boxes: romance, fantasy, a magic system, tragedy, fate, character growth.  A lot of the poor reviews I'm seeing are in regards to the FMC's character. Personally, I like flawed characters and think it's more realistic than reading the POV of someone who always makes the right decisions, is always honest, is always selfless, etc. Humans aren't like that. Readers love when male leads are morally grey, but God forbid a woman isn't perfect.  So I like flawed characters and I like a little bit of tragedy, which the author provides. Ends on a cliffhanger, and I can't wait to read the sequel next month. I really want to learn more about Malachi.  All in all, not a bad start from this author. Give it a chance. SOMEWHAT SPOILERY: I LOVE the concept of fated mates that kind of hate each other. Most books with the fated mates trope allow the characters to immediately fall for each other and get together relatively easily. But this is way more interesting ;)
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Reviewed in the United States on September 18, 2023
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Real Reviews
Houston, US
★★★★★ 3
Beta readers, please
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I haven’t written a review in a while but this one motivated me to because it had potential and with some honest beta readers correcting its nonsense, it could have been pretty good. The writing is awkward at times and the world building was slow and one dimensional until around half way through and then it got much better. The main issues are with the characters, dialogue and plot. The FMC swings from stupidly trusting her “ friends” even when she is repeatedly betrayed to hating those who betrayed her to seemingly forgetting she hated them. It’s a whirlwind that reeks of adolescent drama and doesn’t fit the plot the author was trying, I think, to execute. The ridiculous decisions the character makes are so obviously made to move the plot in the direction the author was trying to go and was so basic in plot writing it was at times like reading a teenager’s writing project. It was hard to connect to the main character and hard to like any of the others. The author has potential but it was not met in this book. I will not be reading the next and really had to push through to even finish this one.
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Reviewed in the United States on December 4, 2023

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